手外傷出血的止血方法

    手外傷出血的止血方法
    Hemostasis for Hand Trauma Hemorrhage
    出血是因血管破裂而引起。皮膚表面裂開，血液流出體外稱外出血；血管破裂而皮膚完整，或內臟出血，稱內出血。
    專家說，出血量超過全身血量40%時，生命就會受到威脅，傷者出現意識不清，呼吸淺而速，必須緊急救護。   專家介紹說，外傷出血時首先應采用“加壓包扎止血法”，這種方法適用于頭部、軀體、四肢以及身體各處的傷口。止血方法是先用干凈、消毒的較厚紗布覆蓋在傷口，用手直接在敷料上施壓；同時讓傷者坐下或躺下，抬高受傷部位，并設法承托；還可用繃帶、三角繃帶緊緊纏繞加壓包扎，協助持續止血。包扎四肢后必須檢查手指或腳趾的血液循環，觀察檢查肢端有無發紺或腫脹情形。
    第二種方法是“指壓止血法”，是用手指壓住出血傷口的上方（血流的方向），使血管被壓在附近的骨骼上，從而阻斷血流，達到止血目的。由于會影響整個肢體組織的血液供應，此法應限制使用，每次施壓時間不超過10分鐘。
    如果是四肢大出血，最好采用“止血帶止血法”。專家說，這種方法止血最有效，但容易損傷肢體，影響后期修復。
    具體方法是：上止血帶前抬高患肢12分鐘，在出血部位的上方，如上臂或大腿的上三分之一處，先用毛巾或棉墊包扎皮膚，然后將止血帶拉長拉緊纏繞在毛巾等物外面，不可過緊也不可過松，最多繞兩圈，以出血停止為宜。止血帶最好用有彈性的橡膠管，嚴禁使用鐵絲、電線等代做止血帶。放松止血帶時應注意觀察出血情況，如出血不多，可改用其他方法止血，以免壓迫血管時間過長，造成肢體壞死。支脈出血經初步止血后必須盡快送醫院手術治療。
    Hemorrhage is caused by rupture of blood vessels. The surface of the skin is split and the blood flow out of the body is called external hemorrhage; the blood vessel is broken and the skin is intact, or the visceral hemorrhage is called internal hemorrhage. Experts say that when the amount of bleeding exceeds 40% of the body's blood, life will be threatened. The injured appear unconscious, shallow and fast breathing, and must be urgently rescued. Experts said that when traumatic hemorrhage, first of all, “pressure bandaging hemostasis method” should be used. This method is suitable for head, body, limbs and wounds everywhere in the body. The method of hemostasis is to cover the wound with clean and sterile gauze and apply pressure directly on the dressing by hand; at the same time, let the wounded sit down or lie down, raise the injured part and try to support it; it can also be wrapped tightly with bandages and triangular bandages to help hemostasis. Blood circulation of fingers or toes must be checked after bandaging limbs, and cyanosis or swelling at the extremities must be observed. The second method is “finger pressing hemostasis”， which uses fingers to press the upper part of the bleeding wound （the direction of blood flow）， so that the blood vessels are pressed on the nearby skeleton, thus blocking the blood flow and achieving the purpose of hemostasis. Because it will affect the blood supply of the whole limb tissue, this method should be limited to use, each time pressure time should not exceed 10 minutes. If it is massive hemorrhage of limbs, it is best to use “tourniquet hemostasis method”。 Experts say this method is the most effective way to stop bleeding, but it is easy to damage limbs and affect later repair. Specific method is: elevate the affected limb 12 minutes before the upper tourniquet, in the upper part of the bleeding part, such as the upper third of the upper arm or thigh, first wrap the skin with towels or cotton pads, and then stretch and tighten the tourniquet around the towel and other things, not too tight or too loose, at most two circles, to stop bleeding is appropriate. The tourniquet should be made of elastic rubber tube. It is strictly forbidden to use wire or wire instead of tourniquet. When loosening tourniquet, we should pay attention to observe the bleeding situation. If there is not much bleeding, we can use other methods to stop bleeding, so as to avoid the long time of pressing blood vessels and causing limb necrosis. Branch hemorrhage must be treated as soon as possible after initial hemostasis.